Marine Corps Director, Russia Matters Project; Assistant Director, U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Sarah Sewall, Tyler Vandenberg, and Kaj Malden, Copyright 2022 The President and Fellows of Harvard College. Andrey Krutskikh, the Kremlin's bombastic point man on cyber-diplomacy issues, likened Russia's development of cyber capabilities that year to the Soviet Union's first successful atomic bomb test in 1949. Renewing America, Backgrounder By no means should the Kremlin's activity go unanswered. This article establishes a clear, shared understanding of DOD cyberspace, provides guidance to the DOD to protect its cyberspace, and illustrates current and future efforts to improve DODs cybersecurity. - War on the Rocks, How Russian cyberwarfare could impact Ukraine & NATO response, DOD's Cyber Strategy: 5 Things to Know - U.S. Department of Defense, NATO-INDUSTRY FORUM 2019 - BREAKOUT SESSION ONE Tasking, Collecting, Russia-Ukraine conflict: How NATO, Minsk accords factor into the crisis, DOD Official Outlines U.S. Nuclear Deterrence . USA.gov Henry Farrell and Abraham Newman write in their 2019 article Weaponized Interdependence [PDF] about panopticons in networks, which states can use to gather strategically valuable information, and chokepoints in networks, which provide opportunities to deny network access to adversaries. States with control of such points on the global internet network have leveragesuch as with how the National Security Agency has long benefited in signals intelligence from the many internet data centers and exchange points on the American mainland. In the case of . [2] Garamone, Jim, Global Integration Seeks to Buy Leaders Decision Time, Increase Speed of Relevance, DOD News, July 2, 2018, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/1565240/global-integration-seeks-to-buy-leaders-decision-time-increase-speed-of-relevan/. Appendix 1 67 However, growing cyber threats from state and non-state actors threaten those values,the Defense Department's principal director for Cyber Policy said. Despite a desire to understand cyberspace and to protect ourselves, a dearth of clear, concise guidance for the joint force has led to a lack of emphasis on cyberspace and cyberspace security in planning and operations. Arguably, the DODs established processes and bureaucracy are not suited to the fast-paced world of cyberspace. Russia is conducting cyber espionage that has the potential to disrupt critical infrastructure and erode confidence in America's democratic system, she said. This will increase effectiveness. Defending forward includes understanding what adversaries are trying to do and what the threat looks like. Troops have to increasingly worry about cyberattacks. Plain Writing Joint Electronic Library (JEL+), An official website of the United States government, U.S. Cyber Command members work in the Integrated Cyber Center, Joint Operations Center at Fort George G. Meade, Md., April. By also sharing this information with JFHQ-DODIN, this establishes awareness of the DODs cybersecurity posture, DOD-wide. Looking for crowdsourcing opportunities such as hack-a-thons and bug bounties to identify and fix our own vulnerabilities. For example, they've made attempts to interfere in the 2016, 2018 and now 2020 U.S. elections, as well as elections of allies and partners. CCMD commanders work in a stove pipe and procure technology that is best to meet the needs of their geographical area, but this does not help with standardization across the DOD. While all the authors describe steps that the two sides could take now, the U.S. authors devote considerable attention to five prerequisites they consider necessary for the start of future talks on bilateral cyber rules of the road: codified procedural norms (as noted above), the appropriate rank of participants on both sides, clear attribution standards, a mutual understanding of proportional retaliatory actions and costly signaling., The Russian author believes that Moscow must agree to discuss cyber-related topics in a military context. One thing though all can be certainly sure of, is that there are others out there based in many places elsewhere, who be of a similar persuasion to be a pioneering prime lead in such a predominant field of ACTive IT Endeavour, and equally enthusiastically interested in programs and projects of advanced intelligent design built and maintained to not fail, and being further developed to exceed all expectations with guaranteed stability in overwhelmingly powerful performance situations/great game changing events. [4] The DODIN is the biggest network in the world. Data routing security is one such example. This concentration is necessary because just as there are cybersecurity technologies that give leverage to a defender, some vectors of compromise give disproportionate leverage to attackers. USCYBERCOM has published a cyber warfighting publication (CWP) that outlines how to do this. the ability to render the opposing force incapable of effective interference within DOD cyberspace). The U.S. authors believe that barring certain attacks on critical infrastructure would be the most important item to include in a bilateral rules-of-the-road agreement and, considering the unlikeliness of such an agreement anytime soon, this goal could be pursued outside the framework of a formal treaty as well. No FEAR Act February 1, 2023 Capabilities are going to be more diverse and adaptable. Lemay Center for Doctrine Development and Education For example, a unit executing a DODIN operations mission can be conducting cyberspace security actions (e.g. Upholding cyberspace behavioral norms during peacetime. These DOD cyberspace efforts include standardizing network sensors, implementing tiered local/region/global data aggregation, using the data to establish role-based common operating pictures, implementing zero trust architecture, and possibly even establishing a cyber service to advocate cyber power with a separate voice within the military. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. Incentivizing computer science-related jobs in the department to make them more attractive to skilled candidates who might consider the private sector instead. Cyberspace defensive joint force doctrine is still being developed, defensive cyberspace DOD authorities are not well known, and the U.S. and its allies do not have cyberspace supremacy (i.e. But a leap from disabling internet access for Russia's Troll Farm to threatening to blackout swaths of Russia could jeopardize the few fragile norms existing in this bilateral cyber competition, perhaps leading to expanded targeting of nuclear facilities. Using insights from the Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC) dataset, this policy brief by Ketaki Zodgekar outlines key trends in the use of sexual violence in Russias war against Ukraine between 2014 and 2021. The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Defense or any other agency of the Federal Government. Our research shows, however, that the role countries are likely to assume in decarbonized energy systems will be based not only on their resource endowment but also on their policy choices. JFHQ-C is assigned to a CCMD and provides both offensive and defensive cyberspace support. Step-by-step explanation. Washington and Moscow share several similarities related to cyber deterrence. The Defense Department could leverage the cyber domain to improve its understanding of the Chinese military. remove adversary implanted malware), but their overall unit mission remains a DODIN operations mission. Yet discourse on persistent engagement that seems to suggest a constant engagement on all parts of the network ignores the very idea of leverage that should be the foundation for the conversation itselfunderstanding how defensive and offensive actions can shift points of leverage on the internet. Jan / endangered animals in north america / [4] Defense Information System Agency Joint Force Headquarters Department of Defense Information Network, Capabilities: Connecting and Protecting the Warfighting in Cyberspace, 2019, https://www.disa.mil/-/media/Files/DISA/Fact-Sheets/DISA-Capabilities.ashx. In just a few years, Air Force Space Commands General John Raymond went from being an opponent of the Space Force to its first Chief of Space Operations![10]. This is also the case for combatant commands with functional responsibilities since many global capabilities are provided by the military services. Not only will it drastically improve the overall awareness of DODs cybersecurity posture as a whole, but accurate reporting will identify where the DOD has critical gaps in its security and defenses and inform where future money, manpower, or resources should be sent. Speeding up the process to procure services such as cloud storage to keep pace with commercial IT and being flexible as requirements and technology continue to change. Like space, cyberspace is still a new frontier for military practitioners. Cyberspace is critical to the way the entire U.S. functions. By Natasha Yefimova-Trilling and Simon Saradzhyan, In recent years, as news of U.S.-Russian tensions in the cyber domain has dominated headlines, some strategic thinkers have pointed to the need for a bilateral cyber rules of the road agreement. But our competitors including terrorists, criminals, and foreign adversaries such as Russia and China - are also using cyber to try to steal our technology, disrupt our economy and government processes, and threaten critical infrastructure. If ever a cyber rules-of-the-road agreement is signed, theU.S. and Russiawill have to think creatively about compliance verification, which is particularly difficult in the cyber domain. It offers a separate voice within the military for the use of airpower on the strategic stage. The full consequences of potential adversary cyberspace operations (CO) in the DOD are still being fully understood. Special reports by expert journalists focus on defense budgets, military tactics, doctrine and strategy. Air Force Airman 1st Class Christopher Kendrick, 49th Communications Squadron cyber transport technician, connects fiber optic cables to the base network switches at the base network control center on Holloman Air Force Base, N.M., June 30, 2020. The Russian government tries to maintain greater control over domestic cyberspace than does the U.S., primarily to ensure political stability. These concepts describe the approach required for the cyberspace domain. In response to these threats, U.S. Cyber Command has taken a comprehensive and proactive approach, she said, that involves being able to defend forward anywhere in the world, in order to respond to cyber and other threats before they reach the homeland, Mortelmans said. Increased visibility, information sharing, and capability have improved cybersecurity posture awareness for the DODIN as a whole. We cant do this mission alone, so the DOD must expand its cyber-cooperation by: Personnel must increase their cyber awareness. Cyber Bones of Contention in US-Russian Relations 37 Coast Guard Streamlining public-private information-sharing. Russian military operators conducted what should be considered a more aggressive cyber campaign a year before their presidential election meddling, when they posed as "CyberCaliphate," an online branch of ISIS, and attacked U.S. media outlets and threatened the safety of U.S. military spouses. Potential Basis for Cooperation 48 programs offered at an independent public policy research organizationthe RAND Corporation. updating perimeter or endpoint security configurations), but if they discover an adversary, they can take cyberspace defense actions to defeat the adversary (e.g. By entering your email and clicking subscribe, you're agreeing to receive announcements from CFR about our products and services, as well as invitations to CFR events. Annual Lecture on China. But leverage is also a more widely useful concept for the internet and cybersecurity, and that notion should play a bigger part in discussions around U.S. cyber strategy. Whatever their similarities in cyber targeting, Moscow and Washington faced different paths in developing capabilities and policies for cyber warfare, due in large part to the two sides' vastly different interpretations of global events and the amount of resources at their disposal. Why Life is Complicated for Combatant Commands. For services, report the status of relevant cyberspace terrain to the appropriate CCMD, based on geographic or functional responsibility. As the joint force shifts its focus towards trans-regional, all-domain, multi-functional (TAM) strategic competition, nowhere are these concepts more relevant than in cyberspace. As the United States emerges from the era of so-called forever wars, it should abandon the regime change business for good. The U.S. and Russia should consider barring cyber operations aimed at certain critical systems belonging to the other, chief among them nuclear weapons systems. Setting and enforcing standards for cybersecurity, resilience and reporting. Troops have to increasingly worry about cyberattacks while still achieving their missions, so the DOD needs to make processes more flexible. FOIA The Defense Information Systems Network (DISN), managed by Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), serves as the DODIN backbone (Figure 3). [7] Pomerleau, Mark, The Pentagon is moving away from the Joint Regional Security Stacks, C4ISRNET, November 1 2021, https://www.c4isrnet.com/it-networks/2021/11/01/the-pentagon-is-moving-away-from-the-joint-regional-security-stacks/. DACO has been delegated to JFHQ-DODIN and provides authority to direct cyberspace operations related to global DODIN operations and DCO-IDM within each DOD components DAO. Then, Washington must understand why it failed, writes Stephen Walt. [9] Office of Management and Budget, Federal Cybersecurity Risk Determination Report and Action Plan (Risk Report), (Washington, DC: Office of Management and Budget, 2018), https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=811093. The Russian government tries to maintain greater control over domestic cyberspace than does the U.S., primarily to ensure political stability. Securing DoD information and systems against malicious cyber activity, including DoD information on non-DoD-owned networks; and 5. Kyle Hanslovan, a cyber-warfare specialist serving with the 175th Cyberspace Operations Group of the Maryland Air National Guard, works in the Hunter's Den at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Md., Dec. 2, 2017. - Foreign Affairs, Paper [3] Manson, Katrina, US has already lost AI fight to China, says ex-Pentagon software chief, Financial Times, October 10, 2021, https://www.ft.com/content/f939db9a-40af-4bd1-b67d-10492535f8e0. 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138Locations & Directions, 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Open and reliable access to the Internet is essential for global security and prosperity. The two research teams did not communicate with one another during the writing process; this approach was chosen in order to juxtapose the two sides viewpoints as starkly as possible, identifying and highlighting salient differences as well as areas for potential cooperation. The conceptshould become a majorpart of understanding the tightening relationship between offensive and defensive activity on the internet. Agency Affected Recommendation Status; Department of Defense : The Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the NNSA Administrator, should establish a joint risk management process to periodically identify, analyze, and respond to risks that affect the U.S. nuclear enterprise (including the nuclear weapons stockpile, delivery platforms, and nuclear command and control) and report, internally . Arlington,
If their DOD cyberspace is not adequately protected, the adversary will exploit it and may even achieve physical effects such as shutting down critical infrastructure or weapon systems, while ensuring any digital footprint is not attributable. Actions in cyberspace, particularly defensive actions within DOD cyberspace, should not be viewed as a traditional force-on-force competition. Two main strands of NATO activity are addressing this: first, the implementation of cyberspace as a domain of operations and, second, the enactment of the Cyber Defence Pledge. /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/reports, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/blogPosts, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/multimedia, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/caseStudies, Sleep Deprivation Could Do Long-Term Damage to Migrant Children, How China Understands and Assesses Military Balance, Russian Military Operations in Ukraine in 2022 and the Year Ahead. 4. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. History demonstrates a consistent precedent for the US: new warfighting domains result in military reorganization, reevaluation of doctrine, and a good deal of debate. There are also cyber criminals who pose a. Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox. The overarching question imparting urgency to this exploration is: Can U.S.-Russian contention in cyberspace cause the two nuclear superpowers to stumble into war? The U.S. recently suspended its obligations under the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty and gave notice of its intent to withdraw after long-term violations of the treaty by Russia, a. Prospects for US-Russia Cyber Rules of the Road:An American Perspective 7 Russian military hackers, for example, have gone after everything from the Orthodox Church to U.S. think tanks, and they launched what the Trump administration called the most costly cyberattack in history. Violent extremist organizations use cyber to recruit terrorists, raise funds, direct attacks and distribute gruesome propaganda online, she mentioned. The DOD cyberspace is only going to continue expanding at an exponential rate utilizing the latest and greatest technology to meet the ever-growing demands for more information from commanders while conducting warfare. Moreover, it is a policy of NDIA to take appropriate actions under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and other applicable intellectual property laws. [5] U.S. Cyber Command, Mission Relevant Terrain-Cyber, Cyber Warfighting Publication 3-0.1, 20 August 2021, [6] Russel, W. William, Defense Acquisitions: Joint Cyber Warfighting Architecture Would Benefit from Defined Goals and Governance, GAO-21-68, (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2020). Putting aside that the Russian operation was cyber espionagestealing data rather than denying, disrupting, degrading, or destroying systemssome of these arguments reflected an idea that the United States should defend forward or persistently engage everywhere, all the time. Information Quality Like the Space Forces No Day Without Space, a Cyber Force with authorities that parallel the Coast Guards Title 14 USC would support national strategy and protect our homeland from the disastrous consequences of A Day Without Cyberspace. In 2018, the Justice Department estimated that more than 90% of economic espionage cases involved China and more than two-thirds of the cases involved in the theft of trade secrets were connected to China; this in spite of their 2015 pledge not to use espionage for their economic benefit. 27 used motorcycles for sale waco how does the dod leverage cyberspace with nato data science course singapore skillsfuture In coo certification programs by October 11, 2022 In July 2020, the DOJ announced indictments against two malicious cyber actors associated with MSS for stealing terabytes of data, including data related to COVID-19 vaccination research, Mortelmans said. A declared expansion in targeting Russian power grids could ensure that future disruptions, which can occur spontaneously, are seen by Moscow as an unmistakable act of U.S. cyber aggression. The CCMDs are supported for CO in their AOR or for their transregional responsibilities, with CDRUSCYBERCOM supporting as necessary. Nonetheless, events since 2016 reflect a convergence of the two factors. This effort includes working with allies and partners, she noted. Leverage in the internet ecosystem has been written about in many forms, including the costs and benefits of deploying particular cybersecurity technologies and the major parts of the global internet network that enable data flows. The typically furtive conflict went public last month, when the New York Times reported U.S. Cyber Command's shift to a more offensive and aggressive approach in targeting Russia's electric power grid. There are no physical forces to defeat in cyberspace, but rather there are adversary cyberspace effects that can be defeated through various means ranging from friendly CO to delivering targeted kinetic effects. Figure 2: The 44 DOD Components of the DODIN. In considering this question we were constantly reminded of recent comments by a prominent U.S. arms control expert: At least as dangerous as the risk of an actual cyberattack, he observed, is cyber operations blurring of the line between peace and war. Or, as Nye wrote, in the cyber realm, the difference between a weapon and a non-weapon may come down to a single line of code, or simply the intent of a computer programs user.. There are three straightforward, but fundamental, steps that CCMDs and DOD organizations need to take to protect their cyberspace: 1) Take Ownership: Determine what portion of DODIN cyberspace the CCMD is responsible for. by Lindsay Maizland The process of identifying this terrain requires both technical understanding and knowledge of the commanders missions. Army Services/Handout via REUTERS, Year in Review 2019: The U.S.-China Tech Cold War Deepens and Expands. Home Training and Education Command(TECOM) The Russian author likewise believes the U.S. will have to tone down its harsh rhetoric toward Moscow if progress on cyber issues is to be achieved. While establishing cyber norms and rules that can apply on an international scale is a worthy goal, it does not negate the benefits of a bilateral agreement. The SolarWinds incident spurred a flurry of debates about whether the U.S. Department of Defenses 2018 defend forward strategy should, or could, have prevented the calamity. A CCMD should go to its COIPE, JCC, CSSP, and NOC to obtain its operationally assigned cyberspace from JFHQ-DODIN. In this paper, Sarah Sewall, Tyler Vandenberg, and Kaj Malden evaluate Chinas Global Navigation Satellite System, BeiDou, and urge policymakers to look more closely at the effects of global reliance upon BeiDou. This statement could be a result of the DoD's limited . An official website of the United States Government. This will help to continue supremacy within air, land, and sea but never with cyber. (617) 495-1400. Appendix 2 69, Analysis & Opinions Western analysts, fixated on untangling the now-defunct concept of the Gerasimov Doctrine, devoted far less attention to the Russian military's actual cyber experts, who starting in 2008 wrote a series of articles about the consequences of Washington's perceived militarization of cyberspace, including a mid-2016 finale that discussed Russia's need to pursue cyber peace with the United States by demonstrating an equal information potential.. NATO's main focus in cyber defence is to protect its own networks, operate in cyberspace (including through the Alliance's operations and missions), help Allies to enhance their national resilience and provide a platform for political consultation and collective action. For their part, the Russians made a different historical comparison to their 2016 activity. 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Renewing America, Backgrounder by no means should the Kremlin 's activity go.... Consequences of potential adversary cyberspace operations ( CO ) in the department to make processes more flexible it a... Defense budgets, military tactics, doctrine and strategy on Defense budgets, military tactics, doctrine and.. Potential to disrupt critical infrastructure and erode confidence in America 's democratic system, she said also sharing this with. Stephen Walt the military services COIPE, JCC, CSSP, and committed to the appropriate,.
how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia