hba1c conversion chart nhs

For this reason, A1C is not affected by short term variation in blood sugar such as those induced by food intake, medications, stress or exercise. Estimated average glucose calculator converts HbA1c to 3-month average blood sugar level. Fill in the empty areas; engaged parties names, addresses and phone numbers etc. trailer A value lower than this 6.5% target indicates great blood sugar control, a value higher indicates the need for improvement. HbA1c Conversion Table * Less than / equal to 40 mmol/mol (5.8%) - rule out hypoglycaemia Glycaemic Control Excellent Good Poor Less than Very Poor 5 0 obj HbA1c Conversion Chart HbA1c Conversion Chart The HbA1c test measures how much haemoglobin in the blood has become bonded with glucose, illustrated as yellow glucose on red blood cells in the graphic above. Easily fill out PDF blank, edit, and sign them. While this conversion chart for blood sugar levels is a good guideline, everyone's body responds differently. Blood Glucose Monitoring Chart. and tools If you have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, the HbA1c test is also used to monitor your diabetes and to check how well controlled your blood glucose (sugar) has been over the last 3 months. Some countries already adopted the new unit in their lab reports, while others still stick to the old unit or use both. If you have a blood glucose monitor, you may be able to switch from one unit to the other, although not all meters allow that. Keeping your HbA1c level as close to normal as possible is an important part of managing diabetes. 0000006210 00000 n eAG % mmol/mol. for each change in 1% of a1c, there is a corresponding increase or decrease of approximately 30 mg/dl average. Track For people without diabetes, the normal range for the hemoglobin A1c level is between 4% and 5.6%. HbA1c in mmol/mol (IFCC) in % (DCCT/NGSP) Average blood glucose in mg/dL HbA1c Conversion Chart The HbA1c test measures how much haemoglobin in the blood has become glycated (chemically bonded with glucose). It mainly affects people with diabetes and can be serious if not treated. levels when interstitial fluid glucose levels may not accurately reflect blood glucose levels, or if The conversion charts allow you to turn HbA1c to glucose and blood sugar to A1c without using any calculations. Prediabetes is reversible by getting healthier. *7rwBf {6eM0/[^/g;mY8Xiv}_1eyF>>_>~}ii^/on?Mz/Se;C,/JU!>Ii]~O=-}?o_BL7L6?~[4t}a_5o0$=7o!^OG2Lq#|?+_sYS;LSx7__;?i7oC?4AKOC}% U_55z]O6Ra(>-l(Z+AM3m0 W=Na Your A1C result. 6 0 obj <> endobj But there is a problem with HbA1c, in that it depends for example on the clearing rate of RBC - usually about 3 months - and other factors. Find out more about delivering a local diabetes training programme, A guide to writing your reflective report, Blood glucose strip calculator and DVLA monitoring requirements, Carbohydrate awareness: servings and meal planning, Poster: training and mentorship influences patient outcomes. Glycated hemoglobin is a type of hemoglobin, the protein rich in iron found on red blood cells that allows to bind oxygen and transport it in the blood stream, that undergoes a chemical process known as glycosilation. While the results reported are the same, the numbers differ substantially and can create confusion. HbA1c measurement and conversion IFCC or IS units HbA1c is reported in mmol/mol NGSP or DCCT units HbA1c is reported in % HbA1c conversion between IFCC and NGSP units NGSP (%) = 0.0915 IFCC (mmol/mol) + 2.15 Absolute bias NGSP=0.0915 IFCC Imprecision in CV% at 50 mmol/ mol NGSP = 0.685 IFCC Imprecision in CV% in NGSP units IFCC = 1.46 NGSP It is also sometimes called an A1C test. What Does the A1C Test Measure? This means you're more likely to develop diabetes complications, like serious problems with your eyes and feet. The HbA1c test measures how much haemoglobin in the blood has become glycated (chemically bonded with glucose). This gives an indication of diabetes control over the previous 2-3 months. This table shows the differences between HbA1c and average blood glucose. Consult your HbA1 c conversion table Definitions Old unit = NGSP unit = %HbA1 c New unit = IFCC unit = mmol/mol Conversion formulas Old = 0,0915 New + 2,15% New = 10,93 Old - 23,5 mmol/mol HbA1 c Old HbA1 c New HbA1 c Old HbA1 c New 4,0 20 8,1 65 4,1 21 8,2 66 startxref 0000305628 00000 n HbA 1c is regarded as the gold standard for measurement of glycemic control and is invaluable in the treatment of diabetic patients. Individual values may vary. %%EOF An HbA1c value of 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) or above is recommended as the blood level for diagnosing diabetes. A range of 5.7-6.5% suggests a . ( 8) Bottom Line for HbA1c Conversion Chart You can assess your glucose levels in different ways. Association for the Study of Diabetes.Page created September 14, 2000 and last updated Blood Glucose and Ketone Monitoring System, The days of routine glucose testing with lancets, test strips and blood are over.2. It also shows a estimate for average glucose that corresponds to a HbA1c. J-5tHwfZg8~pg3>t@*V2lu}_dPdYiJ2-(.dn[,}+8P2q`! 0000001671 00000 n J Diabetes Complications 2013; 27 (3): 211 - 213. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.12.001 Change the blanks with smart fillable areas. Importance of Glycated hemoglobin test,also known as HbA1C or A1C, is a blood test that shows you your average blood sugar level over the past 3-4 months. HbA1C conversion chart Glycated hemoglobin test, also known as HbA1C or A1C, is a blood test that shows you your average blood sugar level over the past 3-4 months. USLegal fulfills industry-leading security and compliance standards. Comparison of fructosamine with glycated hemoglobin as an index of glycemic control in diabetic patients. In addition, average blood glucose levels can be converted from mg/dL to mmol/L. This website and the information contained herein is intended for use by residents of the UK. //-->, Home So it's really important to have this test regularly so that you can make changes and reduce your risk of getting complications. <> Share via. Advertisement. Hb1ac conversion chart Ljc Sep 18, 2016 hb1ac Ljc Well-Known Member Relationship to Diabetes Type 1.5 LADA Sep 18, 2016 #1 https://freestylediabetes.co.uk/what-is-diabetes/what-makes-glucose-levels-rise-and-fall/HbA1c Lin Dx T2 1994 Now on Insulatard and Novorapid. 0000000016 00000 n 50 mmol/mol or above. The new HbA1c units (mmol/mol) looks similar to the units used for blood glucose tests (mmol/l) but they are measuring two different values. HbA1c Calculator. "F$H:R!zFQd?r9\A&GrQhE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VKYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_&#(0J:EAiQ(()WT6U@P+!~mDe!hh/']B/?a0nhF!X8kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#dV(kel }}Cq9 Convert Blood Sugar from US (mg/dl) to UK (mmol/L) Forms, Real Estate It is a routine test in people already diagnosed with diabetes to monitor their treatment and suggest the need to better control their diet or adjust medications. 0000316665 00000 n People with diabetes can also have blood sugar that's too low. a recent variation of the diet or change in the treatment plan wont be reflected by HbA1C values until after several weeks due to the 4-months life span of RBCs. USLegal has been awarded the TopTenREVIEWS Gold Award 9 years in a row as the most comprehensive and helpful online legal forms services on the market today. Information for Staff Gwent NHS Retirement Fellowship. <<482B45A7BA1A3F4597BAF38814C50F41>]>> TopTenReviews wrote "there is such an extensive range of documents covering so many topics that it is unlikely you would need to look anywhere else". Scanning the sensor to obtain glucose values does not require lancets 2. if normal is 4-6%, then 6%) is equal to 120 mg/dl. The formula to converting mg/dl to mmol/l is: mg/dl / 18. LLC, Internet Download a free chart which converts HbA1c in % units to mmol/mol and vice versa. Terms and Conditions - Cookie Policy - Privacy Policy. USLegal received the following as compared to 9 other form sites. Everyone should have their HbA1c tested at least once per year, and many have the test twice a year. Highest customer reviews on one of the most highly-trusted product review platforms. If you'd like to see country-specific content relevant to you, please visit our list of global websites, or * Scanning the sensor to obtain glucose values does not require lancets. o,^iKSm32#NKRg,<7= !y2LADXm8Sq2a|67ZXG7M>*MY(Sm_.L[?:S/:K|PGrGi&?Ml'`,{z#+r_k^X}yE Introduction HbA1c levels are used as objective long term measure of glycaemic control in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Estimated Average Glucose Calculator . Ifyou believe that this page should betaken down, please follow our DMCA take down process, Ensure the security ofyour data and transactions. mmol/L. The HbA1c test measures how much haemoglobin in the blood has become glycated (chemically bonded with glucose). HbA1c values have changed and are now reported as a measurement in mmols/mol instead of the percentage previously given. Service, Contact What we do. Prediabetes levels of blood sugar fall in the range of 100-125 when blood glucose is measured fasting. Proven in 7 studies. Case Report A 4 years old girl with known T1DM and autoimmune hyperthyroidism, had . Some countries already adopted the new unit in their lab reports, while others still stick to the old unit or use both. - Hudsonvalleyasthmacoalition online with US Legal Forms. HbA1c. Download the ready-made record to your gadget or print it like a hard copy. Work with your doctor to set realistic goals specifically . 0000317113 00000 n nQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G! The catch is that eAG/A1C is not the same average glucose level as the average of the readings on your meter. 1International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, 2National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Programme, Phone: +49 6432 9146-0Fax: +49 6432 9146-32, Website: www.diasys-diagnostics.com or use the contactform on our homepage, Advantages of HbA1c for Diabetes Diagnosis. You can also convert from mg/dL, the measurements used in the USA, and mmol which is used by most of the rest of the world. Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c or A1c) Calculator calculates average blood glucose level, which is directly related to HbA1c. (5.5-16.6 mmol/l) Calculate. A fasting blood glucose reading of 6.1 mmol/L (110 mg/dl) or less is considered normal. 2003 - 2023 Diabetes.co.uk - the global diabetes community. NOTE: These estimations are more unsure, but the best there are as of today . The Hypo Program is the world's first and only structured education program. HbA1c can appear falsely low in patients with variant haemoglobin (haemoglobinopathy) or in haemolytic anaemia/increased red cell . hypoglycemia or impending hypoglycemia is reported but the symptoms do not match the system readings. It is also sometimes called a haemoglobin A1c, glycated haemoglobin or glycosylated haemoglobin. These could be signs you're becoming seriously unwell. The difference between eAG/A1C and the average on your monitor. High blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) is where the level of sugar in your blood is too high. CBRE Cap Rate SuRvey - CBRE United States, APPLICATION FOR A SPECIAL AUTHORIZATION - For A Person Practising Outside Qu Bec (section 42.4, Loss Draft Package - RoundPoint Mortgage Servicing, Identity Now this range is 0.5% higher than the normal range given for those without diabetes, as it's unlikely that diabetes patients can match that exact same blood sugar control. Attorney, Terms of HVnF+ @Z'p[H") The new mmols/mol values are known as the IFCC (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry) units. mg/dL. We are looking for members of our online community to share their experience. Normal for person without diabetes. for each change in 1% of a1c, there is a corresponding increase or decrease of approximately 30 mg/dl average plasma glucose. With a faster clearing rate or a high vitamin C intake it shows a lowered value. A1c to blood glucose conversion table pdf A1c To Blood Glucose Conversion Table Pdf masuzi May 1, 2018 Uncategorized No Comments A1c chart calculator dcct formula to blood glucose converter a1c chart here is a to show relation between and blood glucose there s no arguing that the a1c test is one of most important blood tests for a person with diabetes conversion table a1c to eag Everyone manages their health differently. 0000008652 00000 n 0000002150 00000 n Both charts are colour coded to help healthcare professionals and pateints understand their HbA1c result. Children's Healthcare Services Staying Well and Healthy Pharmacies GPs and Local Health Services Community Services Enhanced Local General Hospitals The Grange University Hospital. wG xR^[ochg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-,Y*6X[F=3Y~d tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:O:8uJqnv=MmR 4 HbA1c refers to glucose and haemoglobin joined together (the haemoglobin is 'glycated'). 1 mmol/L = 18,018 mg/dL. p!.o RIes$1!AUW67^2xyQtz5"Ntz2Ue2!&/u|($oc)yMGEBU!_ Y_3cU5Kzvi-U[XB# Y6y~ U?.(WfY}UVl5lbS3;~ }jD New media. Save or instantly send your ready documents. 40 mmol/mol or below. *1. if normal is 4-6%, then 6%) is equal to 120 mg/dl. This is called low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia). Technology, Power of A DDM solution. Please be mindful of this. Get access to thousands of forms. What is HbA1c? Note: For this chart, the HbA1c levels were converted from % to mmol/mol ( 7) and then from mmol/mol to mmol/L. The calculator enables the conversion of HbA1c values from NGSP to mmolmol IFCC and vice versa. 13:127-131. Healthcare Services. But, in rare cases, it might not prove reliable, as in our case report. is the HbA1c test. It should not replace the HbA1c check carried out by your doctor and the result shown here may differ from the lab . When sugar enters your bloodstream, it binds to a protein called hemoglobin. Check with your doctor or care team. Tag: h1abc 6.6 HbA1c is a term commonly used in relation to diabetes. ?rw&4i{Z3'uV.a.mT]n(y]=_2J~gWEwp (l*S Handbook, DUI HbA1c Calculator The calculator enables the conversion of HbA1c values from % (NGSP) to mmol/mol (IFCC) and vice versa. | Blood Test | Target Levels | Diabetes UK. It is a predictor of diabetic complications, and interventions that reduce HbA 1c correspondingly reduce the risk of complications ( 1 - 4 ). DCCT A1C conversion formula seems to work best in people with high blood sugars. This guide explains what HbA1c is, how it differs from blood glucose levels and how it's used for diagnosing diabetes. as with many lab values, the reference range is different from laboratory to laboratory, so all results must be interpreted within the context of the institution you are practicing in Your glycemic target Blood glucose tests, by comparison, measure the concentration of glucose molecules present in the blood at the very time of the test. The new HbA1c units (mmol/mol) looks similar to the units used for blood glucose tests (mmol/l) but they are measuring two different values. People with an HbA1c level of 42-47 mmol/mol (6.0-6.5%) are at increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Planning, Wills For advice on the monitoring of blood glucose and insulin products, dosage & administration contact the Pharmacy Department. When sugar enters the bloodstream, it attaches to a protein in the red blood cells called hemoglobin.People with higher blood sugar levels such as diabetics have more sugar attached to their . What's new | Diabetes UK. INDIVIDUALISING HbA1c TARGETS Document the agreed target HbA1c) - 46.7, Home TYPE 2 DIABETES - HbA1c TARGETS Hull and East Riding Diabetes Network Check HbA1c 6mthly in patients with stable control who have achieved their target. This lets you know what your average blood glucose has been over the previous three months. Add the day/time and place your electronic signature. HbA1cGuide If you're at risk of developing type 2 diabetes, your target HbA1c level should be below 42mmol/mol (6%). Click on Done after double-checking all the data. A HbA1c should always be used as information only, it is only part of the picture, however the result will give an indication of how well your overall control is and let you see if there is room for improvement (there usually is!) Wrap a tape measure around your waist midway between these points. Embed. n3kGz=[==B0FX'+tG,}/Hh8mW2p[AiAN#8$X?AKHI{!7. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. 0000000696 00000 n Its interesting to note that the % HbA1c measurement does not correlate exactly to average blood glucose test results on your blood glucose meter. Reference: David M. Nathan, MD, Judith Kuenen, MD, Rikke Borg, MD, Hui Zheng, PhD, David Schoenfeld, PhD, Robert J. Heine, MD . google_ad_slot = "7700120551"; HbA1C to average blood glucose level conversion chart, to report the results from the glycated hemoglobin test. A5X AND FREESTYLE LIBRELINK SPECIAL EDITION. If youre experiencing a medical issue, please contact a healthcare professional or dial 911 immediately. ). N')].uJr Click Because this formula derived from such a group. The old, percentage way of reporting HbA1c values is known as the DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial) units. It may read HbA1c and SIEMENS Fructosamine Assay comparison. To convert the a1c to average blood glucose, consider the high end of the normal range (e.g. HbA1c When you have a diabetes check-up, a blood sample is taken for the HbA1c (haemoglobin A1c) test. between you and your clincian. The HbA1c test measures how much haemoglobin in the blood has become bonded with glucose, illustrated as yellow glucose on red blood cells in the graphic above. Find the Hba1c Conversion Chart Nhs you want. Diabetes Research, 1990. HbA1c tests. Please click here to contact us. 6.5% or 48 mmol/mol. NHS approved education and behaviour change app for people with type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, obesity. 5. Find support, share experiences and get exclusive member cookbooks, giveaways and freebies. Spanish, Localized HbA1c tests are used by your clinic or family doctor (GP) to give a picture of your blood glucose for the previous two or three months. A finger prick test using a blood glucose meter is required during times of rapidly changing glucose While I may connect people with vetted, board-certified doctors, I dont provide medical consultations, diagnosis, or advice. meter several years old? Monitoring measures your blood glucose at a moment in time, whereas eAG/A1C represent an average of your glucose levels 24 hours a day, including times when people are less . To make sense of the new units and compare these with old units and vice versa see the table below. Blood glucose conversion chart how to easy hba1c conversion chart free pdf hba1c conversion chart nhs fill hba1c chart printable pdf to Blood Glucose Conversion Chart How To Convert Hba1c Type 2 Diabetes You Easy Hba1c Conversion Chart Free Pdf The Geriatric Titian Hba1c Conversion Chart Nhs Fill Online Printable Fillable Blank Pdffiller HbA1c is a blood test that is used to help diagnose and monitor people with diabetes. If you have diabetes, it's important to try to stop your blood sugar level getting too high. How is HbA1c measured. People who have high blood sugar have a higher percentage of the hemoglobin protein coated with sugar. HbA1c: 4.0: 4.1: 4.2: 4.3: 4.4: 4.5: 4.6: 4.7: 4.8: 4.9: Glucose: 68: 71: 74: 77: 80: 82: 85: 88: 91: 94: HbA1c: 5.0: 5.1: 5.2: 5.3: 5.4: 5.5: 5.6: 5.7: 5.8: 5.9 . The back page has a chart that will help to convert an HbA1c result into a mean blood glucose level. HbA1c circulates for the lifespan of the red blood cell and so reflects the prevailing blood glucose levels over the preceding 2-3 months. Meter here for the joint position of the American Diabetes 0000002227 00000 n HbA1c level. Last edited 08/2022 and last reviewed 08/2022. What is HbA1c? May 1, 2012, Chart design 2000-2018 This is called low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia). HbA1c Conversion Chart: Europe - HbA1c (mmol/mol) to eAG (mmol/L) If you want a PDF of our HbA1c conversion chart, click here . Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) encompasses the integrated value of blood glucose fluctuations over three months and has been employed as a standard monitoring system for diabetes control by health care professionals. for general educational use. It is a routine test in people already diagnosed with diabetes to monitor their treatment and suggest the need to better control their diet or adjust medications. The information on ricktroy.com is intended for educational and informational purposes only. Ensures that a website is free of malware attacks. xref the chartGlossary Treatment for prediabetes begins with getting more physically active. take any diabetes medicine you've been prescribed, as advised by your doctor or care team, avoid eating too much sugary or starchy food, follow advice from your doctor or care team about what to do while you're ill (sometimes called "sick day rules"), do not skip or change doses of your diabetes medicine unless advised by your doctor or care team. More By insertion of any value all other fields will update automatically. In the past 15 years,to report the results from the glycated hemoglobin testa new unit has been proposed and introduced . info Guestbook, Printable charts We're hiring! Here below you can find the conversion table from NGSP to IFCC units. Download a free chart which converts HbA1c in % units to mmol/mol and vice versa. HyTSwoc [5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}088GNg9w '0 Jb services, For Small Are the new HbA1c units related to blood glucose test units? a new unit has been proposed and introduced . The pre-diabetic range is more than 6.1 mmol/L to 6.9 mmol/L (> 110 mg/dl to 125 mg/dl). Regardless of your height or BMI, you should try to lose weight if your waist is: 94cm (37ins) or more for men 80cm (31.5ins) or more for women - Definition, Units, Conversion, Testing What is HbA1c? If you have any questions, join us on Facebook. Pre-diabetes. Open it up with cloud-based editor and begin altering. Plasma Glucose = (28.7 * HbA1c) - 46.7. The HbA1c blood test reflects your average blood glucose level over the last 2 to 3 months. Find support, ask questions and share your experiences. Other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. FreeStyle, Libre, and related brand marks are marks of Abbott. It mainly affects people with diabetes and can be serious if not treated. Many things affect your HbA1c, and managing diabetes is looking at ways to managethose affects as quickly as possible to limit the length of time out of optimal range. High blood sugar levels 0000002184 00000 n %PDF-1.4 % MODY Maturity onset diabetes of the young, Comparison chart of all pumps available in the UK 2016, Insulin Pump and Continuous Glucose Monitor contracts NHS Scotland 2018, Benefits and disadvantages of insulin pump therapy, Healthboard Post-Warranty Insulin Pump Replacement Policy, Getting Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Scotland. A1C level chart in this article shows the relationship between A1C and its average blood sugar equivalent, based on the DCCT A1C conversion formula.. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial or DCCT, New England Journal of Medicine 1993; 329:977-986. Cited by 127 The Working Party sup Use professional pre-built templates to fill in and sign documents online faster. HbA1c Conversion Chart [PDF 57KB] cardiovascular. Comparison: HbA1c and blood glucose levels HbA1c (mmol/mol) HbA1c (%) Comparison blood glucose level (mmol/l) 42 6 7.0 53 7 8.5 64 8 10.2 75 9 11.8 86 10 13.3 97 11 14.9 108 12 16.5 Adapted from National Diabetes Education Program (USA). 41-49 mmol/mol. As the HbA1c test gives a gauge of your control over the past 2 - 3 months there . Conversion: HbA1c = (46.7 +Plasma Glucose) / 28.7. European countries have been using the IFCC units for a number of years and usage of the IFCC units by the UK will allow easier comparisons to be made between UK and European results. Find support, ask questions and share your experiences with 350,000+ members of the diabetes community. DiabetesChart.org About 6 20 DCCT measurement (%) *. us Privacy D3cH]St68^[uu?W`|gX\y&.Mf=~u2o/eT ^_kK^0?q^~// DZ1u7/STcZ:ki[*5i>vY-a!Gg~2.Lqbn7eBQ6i*1ll94/9U|au. Data represent It's not usually a serious problem if your blood sugar is sometimes slightly high for a short time. Your levels may be different depending on your age and the type of diabetes you have. All exercise helps reverse prediabetes, especially exercise that helps build muscle. Clinics and labs often give results in both measurements. 2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0- @8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 Copyright 2015 - Aileen @ iPAG Scotland.org. Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association, 23-August-2002, Vol 115 No 1160 Glycohaemoglobin and ascorbic acid The term HbA1c refers to glycated haemoglobin. Back to Resources Back to PitStop Resources. Normal. Find the bottom of your ribs and the top of your hips. HbA1c test is important in the diagnosis of diabetes and . Content on Diabetes.co.uk does not replace the relationship between you and doctors or other healthcare professionals nor the advice you receive from them. A1c Conversion Chart. An A1C reading of over 5.7% may be a cause for concern, but this will depend on various factors. In addition, average blood glucose levels can be converted frommg/dL to mmol/L. For example a target of 6.5% is now 48mmol/mol. Both charts are colour coded to help healthcare professionals and pateints understand their HbA1c result. mft.nhs.uk/laboratorymedicine 2/3 HbA1c 48 is tight control and suitable for most patients with type 2 diabetes unless at risk of hypoglycaemia HbA1c 53 is the target for those at risk of hypoglycaemia . New media comments. Complete Brief Respiratory Questionnaire (BRQ) - Hudson Valley Asthma . 0000000966 00000 n Consider 3mthly monitoring when adjusting treatment to assess effectiveness. ADAAiJ@>C g#Xo0\``uJ\7b fe`yz, PHb (please see chart below for examples.
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