domestication of wheat

When wild wheat ripens, the stems, the part that holds the wheat stems together, break down so that the seeds can self-pollinate and sprout faster without the husk. FOIA Genetics 169:15891599, Turner A, Beales J, Faure S, Dunford RP, Laurie DA (2005) The pseudo-response regulator Ppd-H1 provides adaptation to photoperiod in barley. (2013) showed that a chromosome segment translocation from Agropyron elongatum provided wheat with the ability to maintain root growth under moisture stress conditions. Google Scholar, Buckler ES, Thornsberry JM, Kresovich S (2001) Molecular diversity, structure and domestication of grasses. Plant Physiol 125:11981205, Kerber ER (1964) Wheat: reconstitution of the tetraploid component (AABB) of hexaploids. Can J Genet Cytol 17:2139, Johnson RC (2008) Gene banks pay big dividends to agriculture, the environment, and human welfare. Want to create or adapt books like this? (HTTP response code 503). eCollection 2022. The origins of our modern wheat, according to genetics and archaeological studies, are found in the Karacadag mountain region of what is today southeastern Turkeyemmer and einkorn wheats are two of the classic eight founder crops of the origins of agriculture. In: Henry R (ed) Diversity and evolution of plants. tauschii. World Archaeol 42:1328, Gandilian PA (1972) On wild growing Triticum species of Armenian SSR. In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. The move brought the reserve price closer to the 2023-24 minimum support price (MSP) of Rs 2,125 per quintal. Mol Biol Evol 17:851862, Li YC, Korol AB, Fahima T, Beiles A, Nevo E (2002) Microsatellites: genomic distribution, putative functions and mutational mechanisms: a review. Both bread and durum wheat are domesticated forms of wild emmer. You can also read the documentation to learn about Wordfence's blocking tools, or visit wordfence.com to learn more about Wordfence. This work (Crop Wild Relatives and their Use in Plant Breeding by Gayle Volk and Patrick Byrne) is free of known copyright restrictions. Science 143:253255, Kerber RE, Rowland GG (1974) Origin of the threshing character in hexaploid wheat. Emmer can grow in a variety of habitats from 100 meters below sea level to 1,700 meters above sea level, and can survive in places with annual precipitation of 200-1,300 mm. domestication, the process of hereditary reorganization of wild animals and plants into domestic and cultivated forms according to the interests of people. Correspondence to Ecological genomics of natural plant populations: the Israeli perspective. It grows in sporadic and semi-isolated patches and does best in regions with long, hot dry summers and short mild, wet winters with fluctuating rainfall. 2014. Can J Genet Cytol 16:145154, Kihara H (1944) Discovery of the DD-analyser, one of the ancestors of Triticum vulgare. Hereditas 137:180185, Willcox G (2004) Measuring grain size and identifying Near Eastern cereal domestication: evidence from the Euphrates valley. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. In: Volk GM, Byrne P (Eds.) DNA analysis of wheat and its wild relatives led Marcussen et al. Placido DF, Campbell MT, Folsom JJ, Cui X, Kruger GR, Baenziger PS, Walia H. 2013. Mexico City, Mexico. tauschii accessions than occurred in nature. Before Am J Bot 63:10881094, Kashkush K (2007) Genome-wide impact of transcriptional activation of long terminal repeat retrotransposons on the expression of adjacent host genes. Wheat: Vital grain of civilization and food security. Herb Ricotta rigatoni. The Eight Founder Crops and the Origins of Agriculture, Funnel Beaker Culture: First Farmers of Scandinavia, The Domestication History of Cotton (Gossypium), Hunter Gatherers - People Who Live on the Land, Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Domestication - The History of Peas and Humans, History of the Domestication of Cows and Yaks, Chili Peppers - An American Domestication Story, eight founder crops of the origins of agriculture, Wild Emmer Genome Architecture and Diversity Elucidate Wheat Evolution and Domestication, A Chromosome-Based Draft Sequence of the Hexaploid Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Genome, Adapting Crops, Landscapes, and Food Choices: Patterns in the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants across Eurasia. An update of recent use of Aegilops species in wheat breeding. This wild species was domesticated to form emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. Linkage maps of the RFLP sites in common wheat. Wheat domestication involves a limited number of chromosome regions, or domestication syndrome factors, though many relevant quantitative trait loci have been detected. Most of the 25,000 different forms of modern wheat are varieties of two broad groups, called common wheat and durum wheat. 2017 Jul 7;357(6346):93-97. doi: 10.1126/science.aan0032. J Exp Bot 61:935944, Araki E, Miura H, Sawada S (1999) Identification of genetic loci affecting amylose content and agronomic traits on chromosome 4A of wheat. (2008). Genet Resour Crop Evol 58:1153. Wheat seeds, crumbs, and pollen were not found at Bouldnor Cliff, but DNA sequences from the sediment match Near Eastern wheat, which is genetically different from the LBK forms. Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, and Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Moshan, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1170, USA, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel, You can also search for this author in American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Madison, Haudry A, Cenci A, Ravel C, Bataillon T, Brunel D, Poncet C, Hochu I, Poirier S, Santoni S, Glemin S, David J (2007) Grinding up wheat: a massive loss of nucleotide diversity since domestication. The spread of wheat outside of its origin is part of the process known as Neolithicization. This training module was made possible in part by funding from USDA-ARS, Colorado State University, IICA-PROCINORTE (procinorte.net), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Citation: Byrne P. 2020. ICARDA, Aleppo, pp 235251, Dvorak J, Akhunov ED, Akhunov AR, Deal KR, Luo MC (2006) Molecular characterization of a diagnostic DNA marker for domesticated tetraploid wheat provides evidence for gene flow from wild tetraploid wheat to hexaploid wheat. Scientific Reports 9:12355. doi:10.1155/2008/896451, Gustafson P, Raskina O, Ma X, Nevo E (2009) Wheat evolution, domestication, and improvement. 1946. Gepts P. 2018. CIMMYT Research Report No. In: Soltis D, Soltis P (eds) Isozymes in Plant Biology. Journal of Experimental Botany 58:177186. Mol Biol Evol 19:17971801, PubMed Lovell JT, Sreedasyam A, Schranz ME, Wilson M, Carlson JW, Harkess A, Emms D, Goodstein DM, Schmutz J. Elife. Intl J Plant Genomics, vol 2008, Article ID 896451, 36 pages. Another species of domesticated hexaploid wheat, spelt ( T. aestivum ssp. durum, used in pasta and semolina products. The culture generally associated with the introduction of wheat and other crops from Asia to Europe is generally the Lindearbandkeramik (LBK) culture, which may have been made up of part immigrant farmers and part local hunter-gatherers adapting new technologies. tauschii is mostly absent in todays wheat and until recently has been largely unexplored as a source of useful variation. Genetic contribution of synthetic hexaploid wheat to CIMMYTs spring wheat breeding germplasm. Genetics 168:609623, Perrino P, Laghetti G, DAntuono LF, Al Ajlouni M, Kanbertay M, Szabo AT, Hammer K (1996) Ecogeographical distribution of hulled wheat species. 1995. The genetic changes during domestication mean that modern wheats are unable to survive wild in competition with better adapted species. ThoughtCo, Jun. However, advances in sequencing technologies have improved the state of genomic resources for both wheat and barley. Figure 2. The origins of our modern wheat can be found in the Karacadag mountain region of what is now southeastern Turkey. Rigatoni pomodoro with herb ricotta. Evolving from an ancestral plant called emmer that still exists today, domestication of wheat was at least 12,000 years ago. Israel J Bot 28:95107, Kislev ME, Nadel D, Carmi I (1992) Epipalaeolithic (19,000BP) cereal and fruit diet at Ohalo II, Sea of Galilee, Israel. Domestication of plants and animals is the major factor underlying human civilization and is a gigantic evolutionary experiment of adaptation and speciation, generating incipient species. BMC Genomics 11:702, Article nov., the oldest naked wheat. John Murray, London (popular edition in two volumes) 566 p, Doebley J (1989) Isozymic evidence and the evolution of crop plants. Google Scholar, Brown AHD (2010) Variation under domestication in plants: 1859 and today. in mainland Southeast Asia and China. Some scholars argue for a fairly rapid process, of a few centuries; while others argue that the process from cultivation to domestication took up to 5,000 years. Dr. Patrick Byrne shows the diverse growth habits of wheats D-genome progenitor, Aegilops tauschii, and discusses the processes used to cross Ae. Mol Biol Evol 23:13861396, Dvorak J, Luo MC, Akhunov ED (2011) N.I. The owner of this site is using Wordfence to manage access to their site. Ae. This involves dissecting out the young embryo and growing it in tissue culture to produce a triploid (ABD) plant. The Fertile Crescent of the Middle East, where wheat and many other crops were domesticated. Springer, Berlin, Fleury D, Luo MC, Dvorak J, Ramsay L, Gill BS, Anderson OD, You FM, Shoaei Z, Deal KR, Langridge P (2010) Physical mapping of a large plant genome using global high-information-content-fingerprinting: the distal region of the wheat ancestor Aegilops tauschii chromosome 3DS. China is a major producer of grains such as wheat, corn, and rice. In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. Mobile DNA 1:6, Bennett MD, Leitch IJ (2010) Plant DNA C-values database (release 5.0, Dec. 2010). Springer, Berlin, pp 317335, Tanksley SD, McCouch SR (1997) Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild. Genetics 143:10011012, Gill KS, Gill BS, Endo TR, Taylor T (1996b) Identification and high-density mapping of gene-rich regions in chromosome 1 of wheat. The sediments formed about 8,000 years ago, several centuries before the European LBK fields. K. Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience. 2009;513:321-44. doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-427-8_17. Plant Breed Rev 24:144, Giles RJ, Brown TA (2006) GluDy allele variations in Aegilops tauschii and Triticum aestivum: implications for the origins of hexaploid wheats. Avni R, Nave M, Barad O, Baruch K, Twardziok SO, Gundlach H, Hale I, Mascher M, Spannagl M, Wiebe K, Jordan KW, Golan G, Deek J, Ben-Zvi B, Ben-Zvi G, Himmelbach A, MacLachlan RP, Sharpe AG, Fritz A, Ben-David R, Budak H, Fahima T, Korol A, Faris JD, Hernandez A, Mikel MA, Levy AA, Steffenson B, Maccaferri M, Tuberosa R, Cattivelli L, Faccioli P, Ceriotti A, Kashkush K, Pourkheirandish M, Komatsuda T, Eilam T, Sela H, Sharon A, Ohad N, Chamovitz DA, Mayer KFX, Stein N, Ronen G, Peleg Z, Pozniak CJ, Akhunov ED, Distelfeld A. DD) in north-west Iran or Armenia (Dvorak et al., 1998). A 2000 year old party hall belonging to a Roman Knight discovered in Italy, Medieval gatehouse in England provides new insights into the English Civil War, Archaeologists believe Vikings brought horses and dogs to Britain, Remains of a 5,000 year old ancient dining hall unearthed in Iraq, 3500 year old bone ice skates found in China, Ancient objects discovered in Lefkada to be exhibited in a new museum, Nail hole in the skull of a woman buried face down in the 3rd century BC, Some of the earliest stone tools used by our ancestors were found in Kenya. Production of Conjoined Transgenic and Edited Barley and Wheat Plants for, MA6611/2/German Research Foundation (DFG). Much later, another hybridization occurred between domesticated emmer wheat (AABB) and Ae. One possible way that might have occurred is that farmers harvested wheat after it was ripe, but before it self-dispersed, thereby collecting only the wheat that was still attached to the plant. Plant Physiol 131:18551867, Gupta PK, Mir RR, Mohan A, Kumar J (2008) Wheat genomics: present status and future prospects. Wild wheat shatters and falls to the ground to reseed itself when ripe, but domesticated wheat stays on the stem for easier harvesting. Crop Sci 49:61168, Fuller DQ (2007) Contrasting patterns in crop domestication and domestication rates: recent archaeobotanical insights from the Old World. Plant Sci. dicoccoides, known as wild emmer, having the AABB genome constitution. The hybridization that led to common wheat is believed to have involved a very limited number of Ae. Wild emmer (reported variously as T. araraticum, T. turgidum ssp. Oxford University Press, Cary, North Carolina. Domestication of these crops from their wild ancestors required the evolution of traits useful to humans tauschii (DD), giving rise to hexaploid common or bread wheat (T. aestivum), with the AABBDD genome designation. The key domestication-related loci, originated over a wide geographical range, were gradually pyramided through a protracted process. Plant Economy and Territory Exploitation in the Alps During the Neolithic (50004200cal Bc): First Results of Archaeobotanical Studies in the Valais (Switzerland). Trends Genet 19:59, Heun M, Schfer-Pregl R, Klawan D, Castagna R, Accerbi M, Borghi B, Salamini F (1997) Site of einkorn wheat domestication identified by DNA fingerprinting. Theor Appl Genet 112:15631572, Gill KS, Gill BS, Endo TR, Boyko EV (1996a) Identification and high-density mapping of gene-rich regions in chromo some group 5 of wheat. According to French botanist Agathe Roucou and colleagues, the domestication process also caused multiple changes in the plant that were generated indirectly. BMC Genomics 11:727, Chen QF, Yen C, Yang JL (1998) Chromosome location of the gene for brittle rachis in the Tibetan weedrace of common wheat. Springer, Berlin, pp 685711, Dvorak J, Akhunov E (2005) Tempos of gene locus deletions and duplications and their relationship to recombination rate during diploid and polyploid evolution in the Aegilops-Triticum alliance. The availability of reference genomes for wheat and some of its progenitors, as well as for barley, sets the stage for answering unresolved questions in domestication genomics of wheat and barley. Methods Mol Biol. By planting these seeds next season, farmers could then continue to grow crops with late stems. Also, todays wheat varieties have a shallower root system with a large portion of fine roots, so the biomass grows above ground rather than underground. The sediments were laid down about 8,000 years ago, several centuries earlier than the European LBK sites. Metabolome dynamics during wheat domestication. Genome 36:2131, Dvorak J, Luo MC, Yang ZL (1998) Genetic evidence on the origin of Triticum aestivum L. In: Damania AB, Valkoun J, Willcox G, Qualset CO (eds) The origins of agriculture and crop domestication. PLoS Biol 6(6):e148. Figure 1. 31030055 & 30870233, Chinese Academy of Sciences under the Important Directional Program of Knowledge Innovation Project Grant No. These chromosome sets are designated the A, B, and D genomes, each with seven pairs of chromosomes. (2013). Junhua H. Peng. Other scientists are skeptical about the identity of the period and DNA, saying the findings are too good to be that old. The origin of Triticum spelta and its freethreshing hexaploid relatives. Their improved yield performance under drought stress conditions appears to be due at least in part to shifts in their rooting profile, whereby a greater proportion of root biomass is produced deeper in the profile (Lopes and Reynolds, 2011; Reynolds et al., 2008). Nat Rev Genet 3:429441, Schuster SC (2008) Next-generation sequencing transforms todays biology. Wiley, Danvers, p 569, Book Rev Palaeobot Palynol 73:161166, Konishi S, Izawa T, Lin SY, Ebana K, Fukuta Y, Sasaki T, Yano M (2006) An SNP caused loss of seed shattering during rice domestication. Another approach to uncovering useful variation in Ae. Wiley, Danvers, pp 530, Hancock JF (2005) Contributions of domesticated plant studies to our understanding of plant evolution. dicoccum (Schrank) Thell. Ancient Hybridizations among the Ancestral Genomes of Bread Wheat. 2011. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:81338138, Inda LA, Segarra-Moragues Jos Gabriel, Mller Jochen, Peterson Paul M, Cataln Pilar (2008) Dated historical biogeography of the temperate LoHinae (Poaceae, Pooideae) grasses in the northern and southern hemispheres. Nat Rev Genet 3:241251, Rder MS, Korzun V, Wendehake K, Plaschke J, Tixier MH et al (1998) A microsatellite map of wheat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:24892494, Peng JH, Zadeh H, Lazo GR, Gustafson JP, Chao S et al (2004) Chromosome bin map of expressed sequence tags in homoeologous group 1 of hexaploid wheat and homoeology with rice and Arabidopsis. Triticum spp. Neolithic sites in the Damascus Basin: Aswad, Ghoraife, Ramad. Euphytica 142:247251, Watanabe N, Ikebata N (2000) The effects of homoeologous group 3 chromosomes on grain colour dependent seed dormancy and brittle rachis in tetraploid wheat. tauschii contribution to those lines was 17.4% (Rosyara et al., 2019). In: Carver BF (ed) Wheat: science and trade. XDA05130403, the 973 National Key Basic Research Program Grant No. The main differences between the wild forms and domesticated wheat are that domesticated forms have larger seeds with hulls and a non-shattering rachis. The D genome provided wheat with adaptability to the harsh environmental conditions of Central Asia, as well as proteins that improved the breadmaking properties of the flour. Crop Sci 39:17281732, Sharma H, Waynes J (1980) Inheritance of tough rachis in crosses of Triticum monococcum and Triticum boeoticum. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. KSCX2-YW-Z-0722, the CAS Strategic Priority Research Program Grant No. On completion of the genome sequencing of diploid wild wheat (T. urartu or Ae. In: Feuillett C, Muelbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. Above photo credits (left to right): Phil Westra, Pat Byrne, Mike May. Disclaimer. Theor Appl Genet 114:947959, Luo MC, Deal KR, Akhunov ED, Akhunova AR, Anderson OD, Anderson JA, Blake N, Clegg MT, Coleman-Derr D, Conley EJ, Crossman CC, Dubcovsky J, Gill BS, Gu YQ, Hadam J, Heo HY, Huo N, Lazo G, Ma Y, Matthews DE, McGuire PE, Morrell PL, Qualset CO, Renfro J, Tabanao D, Talbert LE, Tian C, Toleno DM, Warburton ML, You FM, Zhang W, Dvorak J (2009) Genome comparisons reveal a dominant mechanism of chromosome number reduction in grasses and accelerated genome evolution in Triticeae. Oxford University Press, Oxford. It differs from wild wheat in that it has non-shattering spikes, an adaptation that allows the plant to better retain its seeds and to be harvested more easily. GENESPACE tracks regions of interest and gene copy number variation across multiple genomes. Bureau of Plant Industry Bull 80, USDA, No 180, Aaronsohn A, Schweinfurth G (1906) Die Auffindung des wilden Emmers (Triticum dicoccum) in Nordpalstina. Wheat is an example of crop evolution through hybridization of wild species, which has led to a bottleneck in genetic diversity. Wheat Domestication. Proceedings of the Harlan symposium. Agronomic traits. Trethowan RM, Mujeeb-Kazi A. tauschii to wheat. Wheat seeds, fragments, and pollen were not found at Bouldnor Cliff, but the DNA sequences from the sediment match Near Eastern wheat, genetically different from LBK forms. Domestication of these crops from their wild ancestors required the evolution of traits useful to humans, rather than survival in their natural environment. Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an allohexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) with the genome formula BBAADD. Leningrad, Russia, Dubcovsky J, Dvorak J (2007) Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of polyploid wheat under domestication. Germplasm released by the Centerincludes breeding lines for disease and insect resistance, bread making quality, and other traits. Spelt (T. spelta) and Timopheev's wheat (T. timopheevii) were also developed from emmer wheats by the late Neolithic period, but neither has much of a market today. Mol Phylogenet Evol 46:932957, Jantasuriyarat C, Vales MI, Watson CJW, Riera-Lizarazu O (2004) Identification and mapping of genetic loci affecting the free-threshing habit and spike compactness in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The genome of this diploid species is usually designated AmAm to distinguish it from the lineage that led to hexaploid wheat. Theor Appl Genet 101:933943, Kato K, Sonokawa R, Miura H, Sawada S (2003) Dwarfing effect associated with the threshability gene Q on wheat chromosome 5A. Crop Wild Relatives in Genebanks. Science 311:1886, Thuillet AC, Bataillon T, Poirier S, Santoni S, David JL (2005) Estimation of long-term effective population sizes through the history of Durum wheat using microsatellite data. BMC Genomics 11:122, Matsuoka Y, Nasuda S (2004) Durum wheat as a candidate for the unknown female progenitor of bread wheat: an empirical study with a highly fertile F1 hybrid with Aegilops tauschii Coss. Through access to collections of wild relatives, wheat scientists have helped overcome that bottleneck. Genes from Aegilops species and other wild relatives have been extremely important for improving a number of traits in wheat, especially disease resistance. Crop Wild Relatives and their Use in Plant Breeding, From Wild Species to Landraces and Cultivars, Case Study: Wheat Domestication and Breeding, Case Study: Sunflower Domestication and Breeding, Case Study: Coffee Wild Species and Cultivars, Links to some Published Best Practices for Genebanking, Patrick Byrne, Dept. Over 80 synthetic-derived lines have been released as cultivars, notably Sokoll and Vorobey (Rosyara et al., 2019). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted An official website of the United States government. Genetics 178:539-551. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, pp 102118, Piperno DR, Weiss E, Holst I, Nadel D (2004) Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis. 2008. CIMMYT-selected derived synthetic bread wheats for rainfed environments: Yield evaluation in Mexico and Australia. MeSH Wheats D genome ancestor is the goatgrass Aegilops tauschii, which occurs across a broad range of the Middle East and Asia from Syria to China. Res Bull Missouri Agric Exp Stn 572:157, Shah M, Gill KS, Bezinger PS, Yen Y, Kaeppler SM, Ariyarathne HM (1999) Molecular mapping of loci for agronomic traits on chromosome 3A of bread wheat. In: Dorofeev VF, Korovina ON (eds) Flora of Cultivated Plants, vol 1. Isr J Plant Sci 55:251263, Nevo E (2009) Ecological genomics of natural plant populations: the Israeli perspective. Other surveys at Bouldnor Cliff identified a submerged Mesolithic site 16 meters below sea level. tauschii with bread wheat. The domestication of our food crops. Emmer grows in diverse habitats from 100 m (330 ft) below sea level to 1700 m (5,500 ft) above, and can survive on between 2001,300 mm (7.866 in) of annual precipitation. Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State University. Ogbonnaya FC, Abdalla O, MujeebKazi A, Kazi AG, Xu SS, Gosman N, Lagudah ES, Bonnett D, Sorrells ME, Tsujimoto H. 2013. Another possible method is that the early farmers harvested wheat that was ripe but not yet self-pollinated, thus harvesting the wheat that was still on the plant. Mol Biol Evol 24:15061517, Hedden P (2003) The genes of the green revolution. Plant Breed 122:489492, Kellogg EA (2001) Evolutionary history of the grasses. Formed partly by migratory farmers and partly by local hunter-gatherers adapting new technologies, the Lindearbandkeramik (LBK) culture is often associated with the importation of wheat and other crops from Asia to Europe. Isr J Plant Sci 55:241250, Kashkush K, Feldman M, Levy AA (2002) Gene loss, silencing and activation in a newly synthesized wheat allotetraploid. Molecular markers were initially used to calculate distance (relatedness), genetic diversity and to generate genetic maps which were useful in cloning major domestication genes. About 10,000 years ago, T. aestivumderived from a cross between domesticated emmer (Triticum dicoccum) and the goat grass Aegilops tauschii. Agric Hortic (Tokyo) 19:1314, Kilian B, zkan H, Walther A, Kohl J, Dagan T, Salamini F, Martin W (2007) Molecular diversity at 18 loci in 321 wild and 92 domesticate lines reveal no reduction of nucleotide diversity during Triticum monococcum (einkorn) domestication: Implications for the origin of agriculture.
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