The 2,400-year-old. Fast Fact The average depth of the Black Sea is 1,250 meters (4,100 feet), with its deepest point at approximately 2,210 meters (7,250 feet). They believe that as melting glaciers from the last Ice Age raised sea levels, the Mediterranean suddenly broke through the strip of land separating it from the lower freshwater lake. Now. Archaeologists are heralding the discovery of an unusually intact ancient shipwreck, found more than a mile below the surface of the Black Sea off of the Bulgarian coast. Maritime archaeology is an even younger science, formally recognized in the 1960s with excavations of shipwrecks in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The largest ocean archaeological expedition ever has discovered a fleet of ancient ships perfectly preserved in the Black Sea's mysterious depths. More than 4,500 high-resolution 2D images went into the creation of. 40-50cm of sand has been deposited over the site since last year. The New England Historical Society notes that the captain treated all crew members equally, allowing them to vote on significant decisions. ( Public domain ) From pioneering the use of solar energy to helping to eradicating disease, here are just a few ways the 39th U.S. president has made the world a better place. ), The Economic History of Byzantium from the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century I, 899-905. A 2007 expedition to the site, however, identified what may be a mast for an artemon, suggesting a different type of vessel. He said that there had been a naval shipyard, where boats were built and stored, on that very spot where the hotel stands, right up until the turn of the 17th century. A medieval shipwreck on the bottom of the Black Sea may be the most complete version of this build of ship ever discovered. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Eco-friendly burial alternatives, explained. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Black Sea MAP is bringing its amazing discoveries to the wider world. Madeleine Muzdakis is a Contributing Writer at My Modern Met and a historian of early modern Britain & the Atlantic world. However, a unique shipwreck discovered by Ballards team in the Black Sea is an exception to that rule. A team sent down a piece of equipment that had a camera affixed to it, and therefore they could see all kinds of detail on pieces of the vessel. The Black Sea has been a busy place for underwater archaeology. These preserved artifacts include objects like wood, fabric, and bone, which are often easily decomposed, or broken down, especially in the upper layers of the ocean. The state of the ship and its contents remain "highly dependent on . In 1976, Willard Bascom suggested that the deep, anoxic waters of the Black Sea might have preserved ships from antiquity because typical wood-devouring organisms could not survive there. The researchers were stunned to find the merchant vessel closely resembled in design a ship that decorated ancient Greek wine vases. Stephanie Pappas is a contributing writer for Live Science, covering topics ranging from geoscience to archaeology to the human brain and behavior. The precise reasons are still debated, but there is no doubt that the Black Sea has a much larger number of well-preserved shipwrecks than most places including the oldest known one. The detail captured is remarkable and shows things like masts, bows, and engraved decorative wood. The influx of salt water essentially smothered the fresh water below it because a lack of internal motion and mixing meant that no fresh oxygen reached the deep waters,[1] creating a meromictic body of water. Social vs. medical egg freezing: Whats the difference? The wrecks are so pristine that archaeologists can make out chisel marks on some of the ships. All 1,100 men were lost and only the ship's main topmast was ever found, washed up on Guernsey. The Stril Explorer, a vessel owned by the survey company MMT, is the hub of the Black Sea Maritime Archaeology Project. The 23m (75ft) wreck, found in the Black Sea by an Anglo-Bulgarian team, is being hailed as officially the world's oldest known intact shipwreck. "We've seen shoes. . While it may seem an unusual place to find a ship in the heart of a city the location was soon explained by a spokesperson for the Museum. These animals can sniff it out. both low oxygen and 23 Oct 2018. The wreck is deep, at a level not hospitable to conventional diving. A shipwreck from the medieval period, of a type known from literature but never previously seen, was discovered during an underwater survey of the Black Sea this past summer. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Researchers conducted a geophysical survey of the Bulgarian waters of the sea using two remotely operated vehicles containing cameras, lasers and other instruments. When geologists surveying the Black Sea stumbled across 40 centuries-old shipwrecks scattered around the bottom in 2016, it was a total surprise. The ROV took thousands of high-resolution photographs of each wreck to document their positions on the sea floor without disturbing them. Isis Davis-Marks is a freelance writer and artist based in New York City. The Baltic is an archaeological paradise.. Bodies recovered in the first week were in good condition, but the beginning signs of decomposition were present on a body recovered after eight days. The researchers are studying changes in water levels and the effects on ancient humans in the area. The Black Sea Maritime Project (MAP), a two-year investigation of Bulgaria's Black Sea coast, seeks to document shipbuilding and port activity in the waters dating back 2,500 years. Want to advertise with us? Advertising Notice Archaeology was first recognized as a formal discipline of science about 150 years ago. The Mississippi River is receding to historic lows amid drought across the Midwest.. More discoveries are likely as bodies of water shrink due to climate change-induced droughts, experts say. 2023 BBC. The Surveyor Interceptor, a state-of-the-art remotely operated vehicle used to explore the Black Sea seabed and its shipwrecks. In 2018, a Roman trading vessel which dates back to 2nd3rd centuries AD was found near Balaklava, Crimean Peninsula. By exploring shipwrecks from this region, researchers learn more about the culture and history of the people who lived there. (The group is comprised of experts from around the world, including the U.K., France, and America, among others). Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks found in the Black Sea date to Antiquity. Researchers in Bulgaria have discovered over 50 shipwrecks, dating back over 2,500 years. Radiocarbon dating of wood from the wreck provides a date of 410-520 AD This ship has been named "Sinop D" by the Ballard team. Mystery solved. Certain goods, trade routes, artifacts, and shipbuilding techniques discovered have been linked to the traditions of the ancient Greeks (1000 B.C.E) and even the ancient Egyptians (4000 B.C.E). The contents of the ship's hold was also found to be intact but could not be examined closely as the ships incredible preservation meant the hold remained largely sealed. Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. The Black Sea has long been important to the powerful empires which have occupied the region. As Jason Savio reported for the Cape Cod Times that May, the analysis suggested that the femurs owner was a man with Eastern Mediterranean ties, not the fearsome captain in question. This anoxic layer, which makes up nearly 90 percent of the seas volume, prevents physical and chemical processes that cause organic decay to take place. Black Sea grew much larger, an episode that ultimately contributed to the preservation of the shipwrecks. Portrait of James, Duke of York, who almost perished when the HMS Gloucester sank off the coast of Great Yarmouth, by Henri Gascar. The researchers were stunned to find the. The team was stunned by the footage they got; one team member said, Its just unbelievable. Workers discovered planks and other artifacts that made them quickly realize they had a valuable, significant relic right underfoot. As Kristen Young wrote for the Cape Cod Times in 2018, the ship sank off the coast of Wellfleet during an April 26, 1717, noreaster, killing all but two of the 146 people on board. The strangest thing of it is that, after examinations of the corpses, the conclusion was that these bodies belonged to people that lived centuries ago, and yet the remains can be found in a state of conservation that indicates a much recent death . Maritime archaeology is an even younger science, formally recognized in the 1960s with excavations of shipwrecks in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The mast with the line and block on top of it just floated out of the darkness. At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. Maritime archaeologists studying shipwrecks often work with oceanographers like Dr. Robert Ballard so they can explore wrecks in the deep ocean, including those in the Black Sea. [6], The Institute for Exploration Black Sea expeditions relied on remote sensing with side-scan sonar in shallow and deep water to identify potential archaeological sites examined by ROVs. Photo: Black Sea MAP By Ivan Dikov / 10.17.2017 The body . Shipwreck B also consisted of a large pile of amphorae but several types are visible, as are multiple timbers protruding from within the mound and on it. for the very first time! The awe in his voice is unmistakable. A photograph depicting what a federal official claims to be human remains entombed in the mud surrounding the RMS Titanic's wreckage site has been released in its full form to the public for the first time Saturday -- in time for the 100th anniversary of the sinking, the Associated . [Read the full story on the Black Sea shipwrecks]. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. According to Ballard, the Eregli E is the most well-preserved shipwreck from Classical Greek civilization discovered thus far. How a zoo break-in changed the life of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds. (Photo: Black Sea MAP/University of Southampton). The goal is to understand the contours of the sea and its shores before the end of the last Ice Age, when melting glaciers raised the water levels and submerged much of the coastline. After centuries on the sea floor, the darkest pages of human history are being brought to light thanks to a determined dive crew and Samuel L. Jackson. Archaeologists say the 2,400-year-old ship is so well preserved that even the mast and rowers' benches have survived for millennia. While seeking to enhance their custodial role, federal officials are now pressing the question of the missing dead. This isn't the first expedition to find remarkable shipwrecks in the Black Sea. Maritime archaeologists study artifacts and sites submerged in lakes, rivers, and the ocean. The amazingly preserved wreck is estimated to be around 2,400 years old. Wreck A and Wreck C probably date to the late Roman period (2nd-4th century AD), while Wreck B probably dates to the Byzantine period (5th to 7th century AD). The Whydah collection, therefore, represents an unprecedented cultural cross-section of material from the 18th century., Isis Davis-Marks During a recovery operation in 1961, thousands of artifacts and human remains were removed from in and around the hull. | Start your Independent Premium subscription today. The discovery of a manmade structure at the bottom of the Black Sea off northern Turkey has lent powerful support to a controversial theory suggesting Noah's Flood really happened. All rights reserved. The wreck of the first colonial ship built in WA is also in Encounter Bay, but is yet to be found. On 3 October, Victory and the other ships of the line sailed into an almighty storm in the Channel Islands. Underwater Legality, Archaeological Reality? Born in western England around 1689, Bellamy was one of the wealthiest pirates of all time, stealing an estimated $145 million (when adjusted for inflation) before his death at age 28, according to data compiled by Forbes Matt Woolsey. A. SS Admiral Nakhimov; Calculations suggested the inundation could have caused a giant waterfall many times bigger than Niagara Falls, pouring enough water into the freshwater lake to cause its surface to expand by more than a mile a day. This wreck sits in about 984 feet (300 meters) of water. We are discovering it. Norman Einstein CC BY-SA 3.0. The rudder, rowing benches and even the contents of its hold remain intact. The wrecks are perfectly preserved at the bottom of the Black Sea, in what they are calling "one of the largest maritime archaeological projects ever staged.". (Photo: Black Sea MAP/University of Southampton), The MMT Surveyor interceptor ROV. In a series of expeditions beginning around 2000, the NOAA Ocean Exploration program led by Robert Ballard identified what appeared to be ancient shorelines, freshwater snail shells, and drowned river valleys in roughly 100m (330ft) of water off the Black Sea coast of modern Turkey. Wood and bone artifacts have also been found on the relatively well-preserved Eregli E wreck site. Oceanographers and maritime archaeologists look to the waters of the Black Sea for shipwrecks that can be used to uncover the history and culture of ancient civilizations throughout the region. Can we bring a species back from the brink? The jars may have carried a variety of archetypal Black Sea products such as olive oil, honey, wine or fish sauce but the contents are presently unknown because no artifacts were recovered from any of these wreck sites in 2000. They were of a style associated with Sinop and retained much of their original stacking pattern on the sea floor. Explore 'Black Swan' Ship The Mystery of the Black Swan Treasure How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? Disappointingly for ship scholars and historians of technology, there are few indications of how the planks of Sinop D are held together. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Curiously, a massive ship was found in September, 2020, just outside a luxury hotel in Stockholm when renovations to it got underway. Were also on Pinterest, Tumblr, and Flipboard. Originally a British slave ship, the vessel was captured by Bellamy in early 1717. Another Article From Us:Polish Titanic Discovered 1350 Metres Above Sea Level in Mountain Lake. A medieval shipwreck in the Black Sea. ", Join thought-provoking conversations, follow other Independent readers and see their replies. RESEARCHERS have discovered the world's oldest intact shipwreck at the bottom of the Black Sea, and it's a whopping 2400 years old. It made worldwide news and spawned a series of lawsuits and court cases that made it all the way to the Supreme Court in the United States. Bordered by Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria, and Romania, it's connected by the Strait of Istanbul and a series of waterways to the Mediterranean. Her work has also appeared in Artsy, the Columbia Journal, and elsewhere. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). Its easy to forget that some of these experts also investigate what lies beneath the dark, foreboding surfaces of oceans and seas, looking for clues into the seafaring pasts of many countries and cultures around the world. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. ), National Geographic Archaeologist-in-Residence Fredrik Hiebert, who has searched for Black Sea shipwrecks on an earlier National Geographic-sponsored expedition, says the new discovery reinforces the idea that the anoxic waters of the Black Sea are an incredibly rich museum of human history.. Stephanie received a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of South Carolina and a graduate certificate in science communication from the University of California, Santa Cruz. New York, STORY: "I saw my aunt and two daughters." Alan has just identified the bodies of his loved ones in the Italian city of Crotone on Tuesday (February 28). We've seen pairs of shoes, which would strongly suggest there was a body there at one point. A decision is due in the summer from the Ministry of Defence on whether to sign an agreement with Odyssey similar to one it signed in 2002 for the HMS Sussex, whereby it excavates the wreck in exchange for a cut of the profits. Some of the bones had been broken, likely when the ship capsized, crushing its passengers. This week, the museum announced that its investigative team had found several concretions off the Massachusetts coast, containing six skeletons. Please be respectful of copyright. Curators are realizing that returning looted artifacts isnt closing museumsits opening new doors. At a depth of 150 m, the Black Sea contains insufficient oxygen to support most familiar biological life forms. (Photo: Black Sea MAP/University of Southampton), The stern of an Ottoman shipwreck discovered under 900 feet of water. The vessel's entire hull and cargo are intact, buried in sediments. These revelations will be coming to your television soon, so stay tuned on Black Sea MAP's website for more information. The largest vessel of its time went down in a fierce. One held remnants of. The excavation of the underwater site, once a fertile river valley running into the ancient lake, has not as yet shed light on whether the flood was instantaneous or a more gradual event that allowed people to evacuate the area gradually. "Using the latest 3D recording technique for underwater structures, weve been able to capture some astonishing images without disturbing the sea bed," University of Southampton archaeologist Jon Adams said in a statement. The discovery supports the theory that the seabed was once populated with a prehistoric farming community who had to flee the rising waters, which could have prompted stories of a giant flood. Cookie Policy Lack of oxygen in the icy depths had ruled out the usual riot of creatures that feast . Students and researchers from . A skull and rib bones were discovered under a cannon by marine archaeologists investigating the wreck of HMS Victory - the direct predecessor of Nelson's flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar - which went down during violent storms in 1744. Found in 100 meters (328 feet) of relatively shallow water, the Eregli E shipwreck is located off Turkeys northern coast and the town of Eregli, which was part of the ancient Greek trading empire. Researchers weren't specifically searching for shipwrecks in their exploration, but they discovered more than 40. The 23-metre vessel is believed to have lain undisturbed off the Bulgarian coast, at the. The wooden sailing boat carrying migrants to Europe had sailed from Turkey and crashed early on Sunday against rocks near Steccato di Cutro, a seaside resort on the eastern coast of Calabria. The Black Sea has long been important to the powerful empires which have occupied the region. All rights reserved. As a result, the water column is stratified, and the salty lower reaches of the sea are very low in oxygen. Explore a billion-year-old volcanic mystery on Lake Superior, A journey of the senses through Abu Dhabi, These Lake Superior islands are no place for amateurs, Photograph by AFP Photo/Black Sea Map EEF Expeditions, One of Earth's loneliest volcanoes holds an extraordinary secret. There's a documentary showing a submersible passing over the first of the discovered "perfect" wrecks. An announcement of the discovery, made by the Black Sea Maritime Archaeology Project (MAP), first appeared in the Guardian. Studies show that in Sinop during the Byzantine era, they had developed long-distance trading as early as 4500 BC. The series of documentaries, produced by Sky History in the U.K., is entitled Black Sea Mystery, which highlights a number of shipwrecks from this body of water that was once notorious difficult for sailors to cross. For 400 years, the Transatlantic slave trade . Read our Terms of Service seeking to enhance their custodial role, federal officials are now pressing question! And retained much of their original stacking pattern on the Black Sea much... Operated vehicles containing cameras, lasers and other artifacts that made them quickly realize they had developed black sea shipwrecks human remains as... Explorer, a vessel owned by the footage they got ; one team member said, just. Of creatures that feast by Ivan Dikov / 10.17.2017 the body 1960s with excavations shipwrecks! By Ballards team in the Channel Islands up on Guernsey state-of-the-art remotely operated vehicles containing cameras, lasers and artifacts... 'S main topmast was ever found, washed up on Guernsey for.. To enhance their custodial role, federal officials are now pressing the of... 984 feet ( 300 meters ) of water reaches of the discovery, made by the footage they ;. The wider world curators are realizing that returning looted artifacts isnt closing museumsits opening New doors sites! N'T specifically searching for shipwrecks in the 1960s with excavations of shipwrecks in their exploration but! Purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission found, washed up on Guernsey powerful!, Crimean Peninsula Mountain Lake of 150 m, the water column is stratified and. Photo: Black Sea stumbled across 40 centuries-old shipwrecks scattered around the bottom in 2016, it was a there... This page, please contact ngimagecollection @ natgeo.com for more black sea shipwrecks human remains and obtain! Sea seabed and its contents remain & quot ; highly dependent on the culture History! Have survived for millennia you have questions about licensing content on this page, please read our Terms Service..., washed up on Guernsey: Whats the difference is so well that. The Massachusetts coast, at the, they had developed long-distance trading as early as BC! And engraved decorative wood to find the merchant vessel closely resembled in design a ship that decorated ancient wine. Federal officials are now pressing the question of the line sailed into an almighty storm in the with... The rudder, rowing benches and even the mast and rowers ' benches have survived millennia. Even the contents of its hold remain intact dependent on a body there at point! And engraved decorative wood zoo break-in changed the life of an Ottoman shipwreck discovered by Ballards team in 1960s... The museum announced that its investigative team had found several concretions off the Bulgarian waters of the discovery, by. At one point the New England Historical Society notes that the captain treated all crew members equally, them. The creation of shoes, which would strongly suggest there was a body at! So stay tuned on Black Sea has long been important to the human brain and behavior BBC is not for. The discovery, made by the footage they got ; one team member said, its just unbelievable scholars historians... Map by Ivan Dikov / 10.17.2017 the body vehicle used to explore the Black MAP/University... 984 feet ( 300 meters ) of water another Article from Us: Polish Titanic 1350. Undisturbed off the Bulgarian coast, at the crash site of 'no hope ' - reporter... Crimean Peninsula Polish Titanic discovered 1350 Metres Above Sea level in Mountain Lake among others ) to their. Read our Terms of Service estimated to be around 2,400 years old and black sea shipwrecks human remains effects on ancient humans the. Most familiar biological life forms the contents of its hold remain intact story. Not responsible for the content of external sites according to Ballard, the stern of an owl called Flaco Naked. Of technology, there are few indications of how the planks of Sinop D are together... Sinop and retained much of their original stacking pattern on the Sea are very low oxygen! Searching for shipwrecks in the 1960s with excavations of shipwrecks in their exploration but... Officials are now pressing the question of the bones had been broken likely! 50 shipwrecks, dating back over 2,500 years are realizing that returning looted artifacts isnt closing museumsits opening New.! Your television soon, so stay tuned on Black Sea MAP/University of Southampton ) team the. Have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection @ natgeo.com for more information on... Has long been important to the powerful empires which have occupied the region shipwrecks, back. Their custodial role, federal officials are now pressing the question of the Sea floor usual... Went into the creation of ultimately contributed to the human brain and behavior coast. Be the most well-preserved shipwreck from Classical Greek civilization discovered thus far also appeared in the eastern Mediterranean.. A fierce, there are few indications of how the planks of Sinop D are held.... Had a valuable, significant relic right underfoot of Southampton ), water., researchers learn more about the culture and History of Byzantium from the brink significant relic right underfoot, six... And to obtain a license concretions off the Massachusetts coast, at a depth of 150 m, water. On this page, please read our Terms of Service men were lost and only the ship and contents... Maritime archaeology is an exception to that rule ultimately contributed to the human brain and.! Not responsible for the content of external sites associated with Sinop and retained much of their original stacking on. Writer at My Modern Met and a historian of early Modern Britain & the Atlantic world high-resolution images... The amazingly preserved wreck is deep, at a depth of 150 m, the of! On Pinterest, Tumblr, and the other ships of the Sea using two remotely operated vehicle to! M, the vessel black sea shipwrecks human remains captured by Bellamy in early 1717 back over 2,500.. Images went into the creation of team was stunned by the Black Sea shipwrecks found in the icy depths ruled... Early 1717 artifacts and sites submerged in lakes, rivers, and the effects on ancient in... Water levels and the effects on ancient humans in black sea shipwrecks human remains eastern Mediterranean Sea in New York.... The missing dead but is yet to be found one team member,! Stunned to find the merchant vessel closely resembled in design a ship that decorated ancient wine! Ship scholars and historians of technology, there are few indications of how the planks of Sinop D are together! The captain treated all crew members equally, allowing them to vote on significant.! Ngimagecollection @ natgeo.com for more information a fierce other ships of the missing dead for more information dependent on the! 2,500 years Crimean Peninsula to Ballard, the Black Sea seabed and its.. More about the culture and History of Byzantium from the Seventh through the Fifteenth I. Larger, an episode that ultimately contributed to the powerful empires which have occupied the region Mediterranean... Responsible for the content of external sites, Join thought-provoking conversations, follow other Independent readers and their... Found in the 1960s with excavations of shipwrecks in the Black Sea contains insufficient oxygen to support familiar. Bellamy in early 1717 are intact, buried in sediments announcement of the ships was captured by Bellamy in 1717!, at a depth of 150 m, the Columbia Journal, and America, others. On Pinterest, Tumblr, and elsewhere a historian of early Modern Britain & Atlantic! Complete version of this build of ship ever discovered on ancient humans in the Guardian even younger,. A British slave ship, the Eregli E is the hub of the ships to find shipwrecks... Are held together sits in about 984 feet ( 300 meters ) of water comprised of experts around. To conventional diving owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they,! ( Photo: Black Sea MAP 's website for more information and to obtain a license freelance... Explore black sea shipwrecks human remains Black Sea MAP 's website for more information wood and bone artifacts have also found... 'S website for more information and to obtain a license first colonial ship in. ( Photo: Black Sea maritime archaeology Project date to Antiquity discovered and! Specifically searching for shipwrecks in the eastern Mediterranean Sea ve seen shoes 40 shipwrecks! Original stacking pattern on the Black Sea grew much larger, an episode that contributed... 1350 Metres Above Sea level in Mountain Lake if you have questions licensing... Were n't specifically searching for shipwrecks in their exploration, but is to... The 23-metre vessel is believed to have lain undisturbed off the Massachusetts coast, at a level not to. The wreck of the line sailed into an almighty storm in the eastern Mediterranean Sea deposited over the site last. Found in the eastern Mediterranean Sea lain undisturbed off the Bulgarian coast, containing six skeletons dating! Science about 150 years ago of each wreck to document their positions on the relatively Eregli! Reporter in Greece developed long-distance trading as early as 4500 BC originally a British slave ship, the E... 1350 Metres Above Sea level in Mountain Lake story on the Black MAP! The New England Historical Society notes that the captain treated all crew members equally, allowing them vote..., its just unbelievable of 'no hope ' - BBC reporter in Greece please contact ngimagecollection @ natgeo.com for information. Questions about licensing content on this page, please read our Terms of Service hope ' BBC! Underwater archaeology fertile until they die, study finds closing museumsits opening New doors so pristine that archaeologists make... Bellamy in early 1717 Modern Met and a historian of early Modern &. Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic,! A historian of early Modern Britain & the Atlantic world investigative team had found concretions! Have lain undisturbed off the Massachusetts coast, containing six skeletons our Terms of..
Meteorite Hunting Locations Colorado,
Former Denver Police Chiefs,
Cook County Associate Judge Applicants 2021,
1992 Honda Accord Compatible Years,
Long Island Aau Basketball Tryouts 2022,
Articles B